Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)

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Campbell, Neil A. Biology. 3rd ed. California: Benjamin Cummings, 1987: 790.
“… a human can maintain its ‘internal pond’ at a constant temperature of 37 °C”
37 °C

“Temperature, Body.” World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: Field Enterprises, 1996.
“… a healthy, resting adult human being is 98.6 °F (37.0 °C)”
37.0 °C

Simmers, Louise. Diversified Health Occupations. 2nd ed. Canada: Delmar, 1988: 150-151.
“… the normal range for body temperature is 97 to 100 degrees fahrenheit or 36.1 to 37.8 degrees celsius”
36.1–37.8 °C

Eisman, Louis. Biology and Human Progress. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972: 125.
“… fairly constant temperature of 98.6 degrees”
37.0 °C

McGovern, Celeste. “Snatched From an Icy Death.” Alberta Report/Western Report. Academic Abstracts: United Western Communications, 1994: 2.
“… core body temperature … the normal 37 °C”
37.0 °C

The normal core body temperature of a healthy, resting pornographic homo being is stated to be at 98.6 degrees fahrenheit or 37.0 degrees celsius. Though the body temperature measured on an individual can vary, a goodly human body can maintain a fairly coherent body temperature that is around the set of 37.0 degrees celsius .
The normal range of human soundbox temperature varies due to an individuals metabolism pace, the higher ( faster ) it is the higher the normal soundbox temperature or the slower the metabolic rate the lower the normal body temperature. other factors that might affect the body temperature of an individual may be the time of day or the separate of the torso in which the temperature is measured at. The body temperature is lower in the dawn, ascribable to the pillow the body received, and higher at night after a day of mesomorphic activity and after food consumption .
body temperature besides varies at different parts of the body. oral temperatures, which are the most commodious type of temperature measurement, is at 37.0 °C. This is the accept standard temperature for the normal core body temperature. axillary temperatures are an external measurement taken in the armpit or between two folds of skin on the torso. This is the longest and most inaccurate way of measuring body temperature, the normal temperature falls at 97.6 °F or 36.4 °C. rectal temperatures are an inner measurement taken in the rectum, which fall at 99.6 °F or 37.6 °C. It is the least fourth dimension consuming and most accurate type of body temperature measurement, being an home measurement. But it is decidedly, by far, not the most comfortable method to measure the body temperature of an individual .
Lena Wong — 1997

I vaguely remember hearing that the oft-quoted healthy homo body temperature of 98.6 degrees fahrenheit was a “ factoid ” — a affirmation treated as actual that has, in fact, never been verified. I have sent students out in search of real research on this matter, but they have all come up veto. It is a amazingly unmanageable appointment. informant after source faithfully states that the temperature of a healthy human body is 98.6 °F or 37 °C — no exceptions, end of floor. The table above hints at the “ truth ” of the topic .
The first taxonomic measurements of human body temperature were performed by the german doctor Carl Wunderlich. In 1861 he measured the temperatures of one million healthy individuals ( a sample size that seems besides large to be believed ). The average value was reported as 37 degrees celsius. When converted this value becomes 98.6 degreed fahrenheit. So what ‘s the problem ? Wunderlich ‘s measure has only two meaning figures while the convert value has three. The end digit ( the “ point six ” at the end ) should be regarded with great intuition. Wunderlich ‘s convert prize should very be stated as “ ninety eight point something ” if one is being honest .
In 1992 Mackowiak, Wasserman, and Levine measured the body temperatures of 65 men and 65 women and came up with a value of 36.8 °C ( 98.2 °F ). You can do a statistical analysis of the data yourself. The numbers are available on-line at numerous websites including The Physics Factbook ( see body-temperature.txt ) .
The findings of Sund-Levander, et alabama. are summarized in the table below .

 
men
women
overall

oral
35.7–37.7 °C
33.2–38.1 °C
33.2–38.2 °C

rectal
36.7–37.5 °C
36.8–37.1 °C
34.4–37.8 °C

typanic (ear canal)
35.5–37.5 °C
35.7–37.5 °C
35.4–37.8 °C

axillary (armpit)
 
 
35.5–37.0 °C

Editor ‘s Supplement — 1997, 1998, 2005, 2006

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Pontius, Joan. Fahrenheit and Roemer. Metric System — Just Say No!
Author’s quote: “I got this from the Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, the editor in chief was Charles Coulston Gillispie. The entry on Fahrenheit was written by a J. B. Gough.”
“When Fahrenheit began producing thermometers of his own, he graduatied [sic] them after what he believed were Roemer’s methods. The upper fixed point (labeled 22-1/2 degrees) was determined by placing the bulb of the thermometer in the mouth or armpit of a healthy male. The lower point (labeled 7-1/2 degrees) was determined by an ice and weater [sic] mixture. In addition, Fahrenheit divided each degree into four parts, so that the upper point became 90 degrees and the lower one 30 degrees. Later (in 1717) he moved the upper point to 98 degrees and the lower one to 32 degrees in order to eliminate ‘inconvenient and awkward fractions’. (ref- Middleton)”
90 °F
98 °F

“After Fahrenheit’s death it became standard practice to graduate Fahrenheit thermometers with the boiling point of water (set at 212 degrees) as the upper fixed point. As a result, normal body tmeperature [sic] became 98.6 dgrees [sic] instead of Fahrenheit’s 96 degrees.”
96 °F
98.6 °F

Pontius, Joan. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Metric System — Just Say No!
“Fahrenheit wants to further calibrate his thermometer, but can’t figure out how do divide evenly by 7-1/2. He multiplies everything times four. So now body temperature is 90, and ice water is 30, and he can calibrate at 15, 45, and 60 degrees by halving the existing ranges.”
90 °F

“Fahrenheit wants to calibrate even more [sic], and realizes that if there were 64 divisions between body temperature and ice water, he could easily and accurately calibrate small divisions. Ice water then becomes 32, and body temperature becomes 96.”
96 °F

The information on the web page cited above is a bite inconsistent ( and loaded with spell errors ), but is one of the few with any information on the history of the Fahrenheit temperature scale. obviously, Fahrenheit modeled his scale after one build up by Römer. He carried over many of Römer ‘s ideas on how the scale should be proportioned, namely the use of body temperature as a fasten point and that all meteorologic temperatures should be cocksure. ( Römer and Fahrenheit may have thought that temperatures below 0 °F would not happen. )
The current translation of the Fahrenheit scale is, in my public opinion, the best temperature scale for meteorology in temperate climates. If you think about it, most air temperatures in the mid latitudes are between 0 °F and 100 °F. It works so well that the average airfoil air temperature of the earth is very closely in the middle of this image ( something like 50 °F ). That makes for a very effective manipulation of two digits .
Editor ‘s Supplement — 2000

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Company in brief, Pharmacy Chain 36,6.
“We are dedicated to helping our customers lead healthy and long lives. Our name reflects this commitment. 36.6 is the ideal body temperature in Centigrade for healthy adults and children. Pharmacy Chain 36.6 is equally committed to building a healthy, vibrant company which consistently delivers robust returns for our shareholders and employees.”
36.6 °C

Наша компания, Аптечная сеть 36,6.
“Мы стремимся помогать людям вести здоровый образ жизни, способствовать их долголетию и благополучию. Само название «36,6» говорит о нашем призвании. «36,6» — показатель здоровой температуры тела у детей и взрослых. Для акционеров и для сотрудников Аптечная сеть 36,6 – здоровая и динамичная компания, источник прибыли и благосостояния.”

Keith. 98.6 [mp3]. Written by G. Fischoff & T. Powers. 1967.
“Hey, ninety eight point six, it’s good to have you back again. oh, Hey, ninety eight point six, her lovin’ is the medicine that saaaved me, Oh, I love my baaaby”
98.6 °F

apparently, the unrealistically precise value 36.6 °C has acquired the rank of “ ideal body temperature ” in Russia. There ‘s evening a drugstore chain named 36,6 .
And then there ‘s Keith — the two hit wonder whose 1967 hit one 98.6 sums up the connection between romance and physical health in a single count.

Editor ‘s Supplement — 2005
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